One of the essential systems for the upgrade of Damavand Tokamak is the automatic control of the vacuum vessel PRESSURE PROFILE. This research performs the identification, modeling, and control of the vacuum chamber PRESSURE in Damavand Tokamak. As a first step, the experimental structure is designed and implemented for the application of an identification signal and for the collection of data from the vacuum vessel PRESSURE. Following the creation of the base vacuum, the input voltage to the piezoelectric is changed and applied. At the same time, both the vacuum vessel PRESSURE and applied voltage are measured. Using experimental data, several linear models are identified for control. Then, considering the practical limitations of the control signal (25

Measurement of PRESSURE PROFILEs at limited number of synoptic stations are performed by the Radiosondes on a routine basis where this usually do not meet the need for numerical weather forecasting and there is need for more input data. Producing PRESSURE values at different geopotential heights in the atmosphere is very important especially in the study of atmospheric circulation and weather forecasting. The data used in this research are: Radiosonde data, MODIS satellite images and surface PRESSURE collected at synoptic stations. The method used is based on the hydrostatic hypothesis that is based on the assumption of small vertical movements in the air. The PRESSURE PROFILE is extracted from hydrostatic equation. This research consists of two parts, in the first part hydrostatic model has been evaluated for the stability index based on Radiosonde data, In the second part, PRESSURE PROFILE was calculated at different geopotential height using MODIS products of temperautre, moisture PROFILEs and MODIS surface PRESSURE. The average RMSE between Radiosonde measured PROFILEs and MODIS data was 0.4 and 1 milibar, respectively. The results calculated through Hydrostatic models have a logical conformity with the one from the radiosonde measurements in both stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The results show that by having surface PRESSURE and temperature and moisture PROFILE, one can calculate atmospheric PRESSURE precisely in different altitudes using Hydrostatic model. The amount of uncertainties of the results of this method has been evaluated and is presented a seperate table.

Nowadays, UnderBalanced Drilling (UBD) technology is widely applicable in the petroleum industry due to its advantages to an overbalanced drilling operation. UBD success depends on maintaining the drilling fluid circulating PRESSURE below the reservoir pore PRESSURE during operations. One of the main prerequisites of a successful UBD operation is the correct estimation of the PRESSURE PROFILE. In this investigation, the PRESSURE PROFILE was obtained with consideration of the influx to the wellbore. A spreadsheet was developed to obtain the PRESSURE PROFILE using an analytical solution for aerated mud in UBD operation. Moreover, a numerical simulation was employed to simulate the three-phase flow in annulus through the UBD operation and the transient Eulerian model flow via the turbulence k-ε model. The effects of solid particle size and rotation of the inner pipe were considered on the PRESSURE drop. It was observed that PRESSURE drop was significantly increased with increasing solid particle size while it remained almost constant with increasing of the inner pipe rotation. The analytical and numerical results were compared with published experimental results and showed a good agreement.

Background: The current study is to evaluate cardiovascular effects of anesthetic medications and volatile anesthetics on cardiac stress using cardiac stress index (CSI) and rate PRESSURE product (RPP) and to determine which of them in useful in evaluating cardiac stress after comparing results obtained from each method.Materials and methods: 40 patients, 60-80 years old, who were all performed trans abdominal prostatectomy were studied. Patients were divided into two groups, half of patients were placed in group A and the other half in group B. The study was carried out as a blinded study. CSI was measured and evaluated in group A and RPP changes were studied in group B.Results: The mean CSI were 60.25±5.57, 63.05±5.54, 55.75±4.78 and 67.65±4.88 before anesthesia induction, after induction, before surgical incision and in recovery respectively. There was no meaningful difference.RPP mean in four above mentioned stages was 10.15±0.44, 9.9±0.69, 6.8±0.36 and 9.2±0.61 respectively. There was a meaningful difference between RPP in stages before anesthesia induction and before surgical incision (P<0.0001).Conclusion: Considering the obtained results from this study, it can be seen that even in noncardiac surgery, the stress level is high in patients in the stage before surgery. This figure was not clear in RPP index case and was not in accordance with CSI, which means CSI has been able to illustrate existing stress level better and efficiently.

Background: Several research trials have analyzed the impact of prematurity on the prevalence of hypertension (HT). However, prospective long-term studies are lacking.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HT at the age of 7 and 11 years in a regional cohort of preterm infants with a birth weight of ≤1000 g.Patients and Methods: This study included 67 children with a birth weight of ≤1000 g who were born in Malopolska between September 2002 and August 2004. The control group consisted of 38 children born at term, matched for age. Each child underwent 24-h ambulatory blood PRESSURE measurement (ABPM) twice, once at the age of 7 and again at 11 years. The presence of HT was estimated according to the mean arterial PRESSURE (MAP) and a number of individual measurements.Results: At aged 7 years, preterm infants had a significantly higher incidence of HT, defined on the basis of MAP (15% vs.0%; P< 0.02) and on the percent of individual measurements (56% vs.33%, P<0.036). After taking into account the group of patients who received anti-HT treatment after the first part of the study, the incidence of HT at the age of 11 years based on MAP was 19% vs.10%.Based on the individual measurements, it was 36.5% in the preterm infants vs.24% in the control group. The differences were not statistically significant. At both time points, the preterm group had a higher mean heart rate (HR) than the control group.Conclusions: Children born prematurely are predisposed to HT in later life, in addition to the persistence of an increased HR.